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Adriaan de Vries
Mercury and Psyche
1593
© Musée du Louvre/P. Philibert
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Adriaan de Vries
Mercury and Psyche
1593
Prague
Bronze
H. 2.15 m; W. 0.92 m; D. 0.72 m
Entered the Louvre after 1850. Placed in the Tuileries on August 2, 1876. Probably returned to the Louvre in 1877
M.R. 3270
Sculptures
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| Montalbetti Valérie |
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Mercury and Psyche |
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Mercury bears Psyche aloft as he escorts her to Olympus where, after many adventures, she obtains immortality and is reunited with her lover Cupid. Adriaan de Vries's monumental bronze is a virtuoso work whose bold distribution of weight and spiraling movement create an impression of flight and invite the spectator to move around the sculpture.
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The court of Rudolf II
At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, the German emperor Rudolf II (1552-1612) turned his capital city Prague into a major center of culture, home to astronomers (including Tycho Brahe), writers and artists. He drew many mannerist artists from Flanders to the city, such as the painter Bartholomaeus Spranger (whose Allegory of Law and Prudence is owned by the Louvre), and the sculptor Adriaan de Vries. This Dutchman, a brilliant pupil of Giambologna in Florence, cast two monumental masterpieces in Prague: Mercury and Psyche, and Psyche Borne by Cupids (Stockholm).
The apotheosis of Psyche
Jealous of Psyche's beauty and furious at the union of this mere mortal and her son Cupid, the goddess Venus inflicted a series of trials on the young woman, who overcame them successfully. Psyche was granted immortality by Jupiter and forgiven by Venus. The messenger god Mercury took Psyche to Mount Olympus, where she was reunited with her lover. The Latin writer Apuleius (c. AD 125-170) relates this story in The Golden Ass.
Mercury is easily identifiable by his winged ankles and petasos (winged helmet). As in the Stockholm group, Psyche gracefully raises a vase in an allusion to the episode in which she had to risk going to the underworld to ask Persephone for some of her beauty potion.
In the intellectual context of Prague, the allegorical meaning of the sculpture cannot be disregarded. Mercury and Psyche personify two concepts: Art and Genius. The group thus signifies that Art raises Genius to immortality. Such is the sculptor's proud assertion of the value of his work.
Mannerism
In this work, Adriaan de Vries appears to seek to push back the frontiers of sculpture and to surpass his master. He reworks Giambologna's bold distribution of weight in the gravity-defying Flying Mercury (a copy of which is in the Louvre), in which the messenger god's foot seems to be the only part of the statue still in contact with the ground. In de Vries's work, the drapery falling between the two bodies supports the group without affecting its lightness. The figures form a "knot of bodies" whose flowing, undulating lines spiral upward, giving an aerial feeling of elevation. The group invites the spectator to move around the statue and study it from its many different angles, none of which dominates, as in Giambologna's Rape of the Sabine Women (Florence, Loggia dei Lanzi). The svelte bodies, firm, smooth modeling, exaggerated elongation of the hands with slender fingers, the figures' graceful positions, and the energy in the movements are all characteristic of the mannerism spreading through Europe at the time, in Florence, Fontainebleau, and Prague.
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Le Baroque en Bohême, cat. expo Paris, Grand Palais, 1981, p.50.
Bresc G. et Pingeot A., Sculptures des jardins du Louvre, du Carrousel et des Tuileries (II), Paris, 1986, p.165.
Adrien de Vries (1556-1626), cat. expo. Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, Nationalmuseum Stockholm, The Jean Paul Getty museum Los Angeles, 1999, n 3, p.109.
Praga magica 1600 : L'art à Prague au temps de Rodolphe II, cat. expo. Dijon, Musée Magnin, 2002, notamment p.68.
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